The specific focus on composite materials helps achieve more accurate figures at the material level in the assessment of the life cycle environmental impacts. The method proposed diminishes the risk of double counting figures throughout the life cycle study as it follows a consequentiality-based approach. Mathematical equations to assess whole-life energy, whole-life carbon, and global warming potential have been derived from those available at a building level. A review of current standards and seminal literatures about life cycle assessment of buildings and building façades led to a framework based on elementary life cycle processes and different life cycle stages. Due to the lack of available tools with a specific focus to assess life cycle environmental performances of composite materials, a ISO-compliant method has been developed. Available research mainly focused on the operational energy, overlooking the embodied energy which often accounts for up to 50% of the life cycle energy. ![]() Double Skin Façades are one possible solution for low-carbon façade retrofit of existing non-domestic buildings. ![]() Refurbishment of existing buildings represents a major challenge for the UK Government to meet the greenhouse gases (GHG) target.
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